Biblical Allusions In The Grapes Of Wrath - 1796 Words

The novel, The Grapes of Wrath, is a story that construes the journey of the Joad family through the brutal migration from Oklahoma s destroying Dust Bowl to California corrupt promised land. Through the depiction of events and portrayal of characters, the bible takes part in the novel as one whole allusion. The anecdote of the struggle for survival in the fallen state of Oklahoma and in the â€Å"promised land† of California, reveals the same ideas shown as we explore in the bible. In The Grapes of Wrath, author John Steinbeck integrates the allegory of biblical references and values to create the image of a family’s journey to California during the Dust Bowl of the early 1900s. Initially, we examine the use of biblical allegories through†¦show more content†¦At the river, they are given new names, and become the â€Å"Okies,† and the reality of becoming migrant laborers in California draws nearer to them. Similar to the Israelites who had to cross the Red Sea, the family is expecting a new hope and a brand-new life on the other side of the river. However, like the people fleeing Egypt, the Joad family is made to wait for their reward in California and encounter many difficulties and hardships, such as flooding, just like the Hebrews in the Exodus. As we look at the characters within the story, they exemplify and convey the souls present in the bible. Jim Casy forms an obvious parallel with Jesus Christ, as a preacher who proves his dissatisfaction and unrest in his view of the establishment, and has abandoned his preaching style of his earlier life. Just as Jesus changed from the teaching of the Old Testament to promote greater self-discipline and a New Harmony. Tom Joad follows Casy initially, learning from him, until he is ready to take over the message himself after Jim Casy dies, which can be seen as a symbol of his disciple. Just like Christ followers carried on and shared the messages to form the idea that Jesus is still alive even after he died, Tom continued to teach the preachings of Casy once he dies a martyr s death.Casy is also a prophet and Christ-like figure and we see this when he says: You don t know what you re a doin, which reminds us of theShow MoreRelatedBiblical Allusions In The Grapes Of Wrath1633 W ords   |  7 Pagespieces is religion. The religious aspects of his stories are primarily shown through subtle connections to Biblical characters along with other hints. The most prominent piece of literature that displays religious connections is his novel The Grapes of Wrath. For the duration of the story, religion helps sustain the characters of the novel from difficult times. His novel contains numerous Biblical references that are conveyed through the characters of the Joad family along with Jim Casy; Steinbeck wantsRead MoreBiblical Allusions In The Grapes Of Wrath1717 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel, The Grapes of Wrath, is a story that describes the journey of the Joad family through the brutal migration from Oklahoma s destroying Dust Bowl to California corrupt promised land. Through the depiction of events and portrayal of characters, the bible takes part in the novel as one whole allusion. The story of struggle for survival in the fallen state of Oklahoma and in the  "promised land† of California, reveals the same ideas shown as we explore in the bible. In The Grapes of Wrath, authorRead More Grapes Of Wrath Biblical Allusions Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck carefully molded his story The Grapes of Wrath to encompass many themes and ideas. He included several Biblical allusions to enforce his message of the migrating families coming together to form a community. Steinbeck alludes to Biblical characters through Jim Casy and Rose of Sharon, events like the family’s journey to California and the flood at the end of the novel, and teachings throughout the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Biblical allusions represented by the characters in the novel areRead MoreBiblical Allusions to The Grapes of Wrath Essay example1457 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical Allusions to The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California, on February 27, 1902. He studied marine biology at Stanford University and then traveled east on a freighter through the Panama Canal. Steinbeck went to New York to work as a newspaper reporter but soon returned to California and held a variety of jobs while he wrote. Steinbeck published Tortilla Flat in 1935, Of Mice and Men in 1937, and The Red Pony in 1937, which established his reputation as a forcefulRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1645 Words   |  7 PagesBoth John Steinbeck’s criticism and optimism was written into The Grapes of Wrath, a book that he researched for nearly two years before he finally finished the book. While writing the novel, he said to his friend and literary agent: â€Å"I must go over into the interior valleys. There are about five thousand families starving to death over there...The states and counties will give them nothing because they are outsiders. But the crops of any part of this state could not be harvested without these outsidersRead MoreBlack Boy And The Grapes Of Wrath Analysis1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath, respectively, full of biblical allusions to demonstrate that religion is ineffective at addressing the issues of the indigent because teleological narratives, when applied to material context, do not have the same end. While this paper claims that both authors have a negative casting of religion, other writers feel the opposite. One writer is Kelly Crockett, who posits a positive reading of religion in The Grapes of Wrath. In her essay, she identifies a slew of biblical allusionsRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis- the Grapes of Wrath967 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis- The Grapes of Wrath â€Å"You don’ know what you’re a-doin’,† were Casy’s last words before he died as a martyr. Casy died for his cause, his belief that the elite were not truly aware of how their greed was causing the suffering of the weak and that the weak could only surpass their sorrows if they worked together. Steinbeck uses chapter 25 of Grapes of Wrath to portray this very message. Steinbeck uses an array of rhetorical devices such as symbolism and the use of a instructiveRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1563 Words   |  7 Pages John Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, depicts a migrant farming family in the 1930s. During this time, life revolved around the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, making circumstances difficult for almost everyone involved, especially those who had little. This time of drought and despair caused people to lose hope in everything they’ve ever known, even themselves, but those who did not, put their hope in the â€Å"promised land† of California. Here, the grass was thought to be truly greenerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Grapes Of Wrath Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pages3.. The tile itself is an allusion to a biblical reference. The line â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† comes from a Hymn, songs sang in churches, titled â€Å"The Battle Hymn of the Republic.† The journey that the Joad family goes on is a biblical allusion to the Exodus Journey. All the parts of the Journey can be traced back to the Bible. When the drought that stops the family from wor king in family comes to the journey to california and to working in california. The farm because their prison like the prisoners of theRead More A Comparison of Migrant Workers in The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men2731 Words   |  11 PagesMigrant Workers in The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Steinbeck wrote about what surrounded him. At the time he was writing, the nineteen-thirties, a great depression was plaguing the United States. Many people were out of work. Many farmers were losing their farms and homes. An extreme drought had also wrecked the farms of the Midwest and made them into what is now referred to as the dust bowl. It was a terrible time to be poor, and most were. People died of malnutrition

Bernard Ebbers And The Grand Success Of Worldcom - 1608 Words

Bernard Ebbers is an Ex former chief executive, and the co-founder of WorldCom. WorldCom was the second largest long distance phone company in the United States now known as MCI, because of the tremendous scandal that led to the company’s bankruptcy (Crawford, 2005). With the grand success of WorldCom, Bernard Ebbers became one of the most powerful American businessman ever to face a criminal trial. In 2005, Ebbers was found guilty of securities fraud, conspiracy, and filing false documents with regulators. With the fraud committed to WorldCom, it led to a big scandal leaving the company in bankruptcy and affecting thousands of people’s jobs. Bernard Ebbers is now labeled Americas Top 10 frauds list of all time. Bernard Ebbers was the second child of five children and was born in Canada. He worked as a milkman and bar bouncer before finally getting a scholarship to play basketball for Mississippi College (Padgett/Jackson, 2002). Ebbers dream was to become a coach and be a high school teacher. When he graduated he worked for a Mississippi College as a basketball coach and even own and ran a chain of motels. Ebbers knew he could achieve only if he had an opportunity to prove it. After a few years he met a group of investors that wanted to make a company that would compete with ATT and thought Ebbers would be the guy that would make it happen for them. Everything started on a napkin â€Å"the group drew up the plans for LDDS (Long-Distance Discount Services)† (Gould). ThisShow MoreRelatedRole of Criminology in Determining the Emerging Patterns of Corporate Crime3821 Words   |  15 Pagesbe very hard to trace the issue to the company. Another motive it can be hard to notice corporate crime is that directors within a company are improbable to report the criminal activity of their colleagues for the fear that it will stop their success and possibly lose their jobs. Within a company, doing this illegal practice could be seen as the in thing and the people employed within that environment may not see what they are doing as ethically immoral. The matter of the lack of media exposure

Guide to Manufacturing and Service Operations †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Guide to Manufacturing and Service Operations. Answer: Introduction: Operation management is the function of the business which is responsible for managing the process of creation of the goods and services. It includes various functions such as planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling all the resources of the organization which are required for the purpose of producing goods and services of the organization. Operation management can be considered as management function which involves managing of people, equipment, information, technology, and resources which are required in the production chain. It can be said that operation management is the central core function of every organization, regardless of companys size, industry, etc. This can be understood through an example of a pharmaceutical company such as Merck. Operation functions of this company is responsible to design all the functions which plans and coordinates all the resources needed to design, produce, and deliver the various pharmaceuticals to hospitals, pharmacies, and other locations where needed. Operation management is the key to the business because it is not possible to produce the goods for selling the consumers. This report states various components of operation managementin different organizations and how these components are related to the decision making and value chain. Evaluate, apply, and state the principles and quantitative methodologies which help in decision making in operations process planning, scheduling and inventory management. Also critically evaluate the role played by operations management in the strategic management of organizations and supply chains Output/Deliverable and parameters of the assessment. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Operations Management is considered as an activity of managing the resources which help in delivering and producing the products and services. The operations function is the part of the organization, and this function is responsible for production activity. Operation function is embedded in every kind of organization which is engaged in production and manufacturing. However, it must be noted that not every organization called this function as operations management. Managers of operations functions are those people who own specific responsibility for managing some or all kind of resources which are related to production and manufacturing. In some organizations operations managers are also known as fleet manager in a distribution company, the administrative manager in a hospital, or the store manager in a supermarket (Sanders, 2013). Operations related to organization: Operation functions are considered as most important function in the organization because it produces the goods and services, and because of these goods and services organization exists. It must be noted that operation management includes other functions also, and these functions are stated below: Marketing function: this function also includes sales, and marketing function is responsible to communicate the products and services of the organization to the market for the purpose of creating the request of consumers in terms of products and services. As stated above, there are number of Pharmaceuticals Company which tries to introduce their products to the consumers through different ways. The main marketing function of Merck is to provide appropriate and balanced information of the product to physicians and other health care providers (Merck, 2017). Product/service development function: this function is responsible for creating the new and modified products for the purpose of meeting the future expectations of consumer. Merck ensures various innovations in its products such as changes made in the density and formula of the medicines. Merck also make different innovations for the purpose of fighting with the new diseases and health care problems. Operations function: this function is responsible for fulfilling the request made by consumers in terms of services by producing and delivered the products and services. Operational plan of Merck includes various actions such as conversion of products, assemble of products, packaging of products and maintenance (INC, n.d.). The basic three components of operation management are inputs, transformation processes and outputs. Operation management involves the systematic process and control which help in transforming the resources into finished goods and services for consumers and clients. This process is known as input-transformation-output process which is used by every organization for producing goods and services by changing inputs into outputs. This process is also known as general transformation process model. Operation management is the process which takes set of resources for the purpose of transforming something or transformed themselves into the outputs which are products and services. Therefore, all the operations are directly related to this general inputtransformationoutput model, but they are differing in the nature of their specific inputs and outputs. Basic components in detail are stated below: Inputs: inputs are considered as transformed resources, and these resources are treated, transformed, and converted in process. It includes materials, information, and consumers. It must be noted that input resources area always dominant in position. The most important resources for Merck are Research development cost which results in successful output of drug. Output resources: it must be noted that products and services are different in nature, and the most obvious different is the tangibility which means products are tangible in nature but services are intangible in nature. It must be noted that services are shorter in nature and for particular time period, and products can usually be stored at least for particular time. Components are related to the decision making and value chain: How do you change the input resources of the business in the outputs in such manner that it has greater value as compared to the original cost occurred at the time of creating those outputs? This question is considered to the fundamental importance of the companies as it address the logic related to economic as it describes the reason of existence of the organization (Google, n.d.). It must be noted that manufacturing companies create the value by getting the raw materials and then converted those raw materials in some useful product. Then such products are bring by the retailer for the purpose of presenting them in such manner that it becomes convenient for customers to purchase it, and sometimes these products are supported by services also such as fitting, free advice, etc. value created and captured by the company is known as the profit margin, and it is stated as follows: Value Created and Captured Cost of Creating that Value = Margin. If organization creates more value then it becomes more profitable, and if organization provides more value to the consumers then in such case it builds competitive advantage. Understanding the process through which company can create the value and looking for other ways to add more value are the critical elements while developing the competitive strategy. Michael Porter discusses the relation between operations and value chain in his influential 1985 book "Competitive Advantage. This was the book in which Porter first introduced the concept related to value chain (IFM, 2017; Hariss, 2015). As per Porter, value chain is considered as set of activities that was carried out by the organization for the purpose of creating vales for customers. Porter also stated that main aim of value chain is to examine all the activities of the company, and the connection between those activities. The manner in which activities related to value chain are performed directly affects the cost and profit of the company. Therefore, this tool helps the organization in understanding the sources through which value can be created. Porter also states the primary activities which are directly related to the physical creation, sale, maintenance and support of a product or service. Primary activities include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing sales, and lastly services. As stated operation is one of the primary activities of the value chain, and it includes transformational activities which transform the inputs into outputs, and these outputs are sell to consumers. It must be noted that operations systems create the value for the organization. In case of Merck Pharmacy, value chain includes various important steps and these steps are stated below: Manufacturing- first step of Pharmaceuticals value chain includes the production of medicine, and it includes the research development and also regulatory approval which allowed the medicine to be sold in the market for the purpose of final commercial transaction. Distribution- second step of value chain includes the transportation and handling of the medicine from the door step of manufacturer to the door step of end user. It must be noted that complexity related to transportation completely depends on the location of the manufacturing unit. It also includes handling requirements of the product, geographic requirement of the end user, etc. Dispensing- providing the correct medicine dosage and form to the right patient in a convenient and timely manner is the final step of the value chain of Merck Pharma (IMS, 2014). Evaluate the principles related to operations planning process: Operation process planning states the procedure through which product is to be manufactured and because of this it is considered as key element in the process of manufacturing. It play important role in determining the cost of components and also affects the activities related to factory, competitiveness of company, planning related to production, production efficiency, and product quality. Process planning is considered as link between the design and manufacturing, and it includes various level of process planning activities. It must be noted that few years back in product engineering and development, process planning mainly aims to determine the general method of production, and this selected general method directly affects the design constraint. In the last stages related to design, it is necessary for designer to consider the ease of manufacturing for making the product economic in nature. It must be noted that only part of design data is transferred from engineering to manufactu ring and in this process planners develop the package of detailed work for manufacturing a part. Dimension and tolerations are also determined at each stage while processing the workpiece (WWF, 2007). Process planning also considers the sequence related to operation and how to utilize the tools of machine. It also specified the cutting tools, fixtures, gauges and other accessory tooling. Various organizations wants to become leaner and more productive, and for thee organizations it is necessary that they must make adjustments in their operations and to avoid the repetitive and unnecessary steps. However, mangers of operations department must consider that changes made in process planning affects all the employees such as customer service representative to the picker on a production line. It is clear from the above scenario that decision taken by operation managers affects day to day performance of the organization either in negative way or positive way. Following are the principles and quntitative methodologies which assist in decision making in operation process planning: Checking resources- while making changes in the operation process planning and while taking the decision, it is necessary to check the availability of resources. In other words, while taking the decision related to process planning, mangers of operation department must check that required tools, resources, products are available for the purpose of facilitating the change. During this decision making step, budgetary consideration is provided and initial cost estimates are made. It can be said that, this step related to the decision-making process involves research and reconnaissance. Merck must Scheduling changes- operation manager must determine the time which is suitable for applying the proposed change and this can be understood through example which states a small business that ships products from central warehouse must not overhaul the equipment of warehouse during a peak sales season, like the holidays. It is necessary for decision makers must schedule changes during low production periods and also assign realistic timelines for the proposed changes. Managers of operation department must verify that schedule is realistic in nature with a start and finish date. Asking analytical questions: managers must ask analytical questions at the beginning stage of the decision-making process. Answer related to these questions either qualify or disqualify a proposed change in operation process. It is the duty of the person who proposed the changes to organize and quantify the information, and present their findings to the group. While discussing with the group leaders must ask what if questions and must present the scenarios that deal with potential issues and problems. Managers must evaluate the questions and answers compared the current system with the system after proposed changes. This step also helps in increasing the awareness of the weakness and strength which are associated with proposed changes. Assigning duties- operational decisions often involve changes in staffing. When operations are altered, it is necessary to provide cross training to some employees for the purpose of preparing the employees to work with new equipment or in new roles. During the process of decision making managers must consider the qualifications and also the abilities of the candidates, and also assigned the new duties to the new roles created. While assessing the employees who are affected by the proposed change managers considered education, experience and leadership. Training and Partnership- it is the job of employer to sell the proposed changes to the team by providing them training. It involves engagement of employees at early stage in decision making process, and it also helps the mangers by creating the sense of ownership in the upcoming changes. There are some cases in which operation leadership cancel the changes which are already implemented if they believe that employees of the organization are not prepared for new equipment or software. Operational leaders may provide the facility related to training workshops or hire a new employee which has knowledge related to these aspects so that he/she can provide training to others for the purpose of implementing the new process. Role of operation management in the strategic management and supply chain: The operations management is the most important tool of the organization. Presently, methods and procedures related to operation management must react in appropriate manner to every change which occurred internally and externally. It increases the need of strategic objectives in the organization which help in maximizing the market value of the organization, competitiveness maintaining or increasing, profitability, or in the survival of the organization. It must be noted that activities related to operation process are heterogeneous in nature, and these activities must be conducted in effective and efficient manner for the purpose of reducing its impact on environment. In other words, operation management activities must be conduct in such manner as it does not damage and distress the environment. Environment protection in context of operation management is complex in nature, and because of this it requires effective and efficient method for conducting the activities related to operation management. A rapid process of product innovation in todays market provides the impression that this process is messy in nature and also risky in context of environment. Organization rapidly deals with the changing expectations of the consumer and for providing innovative products to the consumer; organizations rapidly neglect the impact of their activities on the environment. Innovations scared the organizations because there is pressure from top level to meet the quarterly numbers present promised by management and this lead to negative impact on environments because for meeting these numbers experts opt such ways which are not friendly with the environment. All such activities result in higher failure in terms of innovation initiative calls because organization fails to examine the concepts stated by strategic management. It must be noted that strategic process is the most important part of the organization and by adopting the approach related to the strategic management organization can gain various competitive advantages. Therefore, there is need that organization must frame such process which helps in innovating the products and services of the organization by ensuring sustainability (Horvathova, Davidova, 2011).Merck Pharm consider all these points while ensuring strategic management through its operation plan process: Innovation is considered as result of the desire of organization to change, improve, and characterize its own structure for the purpose of meeting the expectations of the customer. Innovation has various side effects such as uncertainty and risk. Merck also ensure innovation in its medicines for the purpose of providing best medicine to its consumers at time. It must be noted that desire to bring change can also be related to internal environment of organization and these changes are associated with the individual or the organization system. It also includes external changes such as changes with are related to products and services offered by organization to the consumer. Therefore, organization ensures that its research and development process become more strong and reliable. Therefore, it can be said that innovation has capacity to change different things in different manner. As stated above, innovation must be sustainable in nature which means changes made by organization must affect the environment in positive manner. If innovation effects the environment in negative manner then it is harmful for society to make such changes (Farova, 2011). Various organizations adopt numerous business improvements methodologies for the purpose of improving their business performance. In this context Logistics as well as supply chain management is considered as crucial factors for the organizations to obtain the competitive advantage in the market. However, it must be noted that these factors get the attention from the early period of 1980. It must be noted that concept related to supply chain is not well understood and various experts stated that there is need of clear definition and conceptual frameworks on supply chain management. Supply chain management practices are defined as set of activities which are conducted by the organization to promote the effective management in supply chain. Supply chain of Merck Pharm for supplying the medicines are stated below: First step of this chain focus on raw material and packaging material, which means input resources are converted into output resources. Second step of supply chain includes material warehouses, which means store the input resources in the warehouse for using them in manufacturing the medicines. Third step of this chain includes the manufacturing units through which stored inputs are transported to the manufacturing units for the purpose of making final goods. Fourth step of supply chain of finished goods warehouses which includes storing the output resources (medicines) in the warehouse. Fifth step of supply chain includes distribute the final product to retailers and distributors. Lastly, products reached the consumers (Benson, 2015). It can be said that SCM practices is very much related with the operation management and competitive advantage, as it help in examining the following questions: Whether organizations which have high level of SCM practices got high level of competitive advantage. Whether organizations which have high level of SCM practices got high level of organization performance. After considering above facts, it is clear that operational planning process effects the strategic management and supply chain in negative manner also. Conclusion: After considering the above facts it is clear that operations management is the most important tool of the organization. Presently, methods and procedures related to operation management must react in appropriate manner to every change which occurred internally and externally. Operation functions are considered as most important function in the organization because it produces the goods and services, and because of these goods and services organization exists. It is an activity of managing the resources which help in delivering and producing the products and services. The operations function is the part of the organization, and this function is responsible for production activity. Operation function is embedded in every kind of organization which is engaged in production and manufacturing. A rapid process of product innovation in todays market provides the impression that this process is messy in nature and also risky in context of environment. Organization rapidly deals with the changing expectations of the consumer and for providing innovative products to the consumer; organizations rapidly neglect the impact of their activities on the environment. Innovation must be sustainable in nature which means changes made by organization must affect the environment in positive manner. Therefore, it is necessary that managers of operation management must consider this process seriously and effectively manage this program. References: Brown, J. (2016). Operating Systems That Enhance The Transferable Value Of Your Company. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnbrown/2016/07/15/operating-systems-that-enhance-the-transferable-value-of-your-company/#5120785140db. Case of the pharmaceutical industry, Working Paper, Centre for Research on Innovation. Cigolini R, Cozzi M, Perona M. (2004). A new framework for supplychain management: conceptual model and empirical test. International Journal of Operations and Production Management;24(1):714. Environment. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.462.5678rep=rep1type=pdf. Google. Value Chain Management. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=3cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiYwM39vKTXAhUDQY8KHWaEA38QFggyMAIurl=htt(p%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783790820317-c1.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-563611-p173805023usg=AOvVaw0kNOqeMlxqYWU4f_6IsJ3v. Horvathova, P. davidova, M. (2011). Operations Management as Practice of Organizations' Strategic Management in Relation to the Environment. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.ipedr.com/vol11/2-R00005.pdf. IFM. Porter's Value Chain. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/value-chain-/. INC. Operations Management. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/operations-management.html. Sanderson, R. (2013). Definitive Guide to Manufacturing and Service Operations, The: Master the Strategies and Tactics for Planning, Organizing, and Managing How Products and Services Are Produced. Pearson ft Press. IMS, (2014). Understanding the pharmaceutical value chain. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.imshealth.com/files/web/IMSH%20Institute/Healthcare%20Briefs/Understanding_Pharmaceutical_Value_Chain.pdf. Merck, (2017). Sales And Marketing. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.merck.com/about/views-and-positions/sales-and-marketing/home.html. Harris, J. (2015). Value Chain Outreach Pharmaceutical Sector. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=3cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjtvp_pzKzXAhVBr48KHfKHCFUQFggtMAIurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.productstewards.org%2FResources%2FDocuments%2FValue-Chain-Outreach-Pharmaceutical-Sector-John-Harris.pdfusg=AOvVaw14tPnvNkyH_4iUoc5Fl4_j. WWF, (2007). Design Operational Plan. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=5cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjDmLrO06zXAhWLNI8KHeY2BBQQFgg5MAQurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panda.org%2Fstandards%2F2_3_operational_planusg=AOvVaw354DnF21GgaxFqDDpSTTxy. Farova, K. (2011). Strategic management of Pharmaceutical company. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiWsKPj2azXAhVJvI8KHYZNAJQQFgglMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fis.mendelu.cz%2Fzp%2Fportal_zp.pl%3Fprehled%3Dvyhledavani%3Bpodrobnosti%3D37499%3Bdownload_prace%3D1usg=AOvVaw1Ige4KJcHgjwRi7TrDre6n. Benson, M. (2015). Pharmaceutical industry supply chain. Retrieved on 3rd October 2017 from: https://marketrealist.com/2015/01/pharmaceutical-industry-supply-chain/

Seed Power free essay sample

The life of our fellow plant starts here. It is a small seed. It is a new recruit, just dispatched from its parent. It is buried in the soil, waiting for the right conditions. At last, it finds the right temperature, water, oxygen, and light source for the plant to start germinating. It now has to ready its systems, use its energy, and grow through the soil and towards the light. Anatomy of a Seed Before we talk about germination, we have to look at the anatomy of the seed to understand what is required for germination and its process. The seed is divided into three main parts: the embryo, the storage tissues, and the seed coat. The embryo is a baby plant. It consists of different parts. The epicotyl is the shoot of the plant. This is the part that first comes out of the ground. Then there is the hypocotyl. We will write a custom essay sample on Seed Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is the part of the plant that transitions the epicotyl to the radicle and vice versa. The radicle is the embryonic root, and it first emerges out of the seed to absorb water. There is also one last part of the embryo called the cotyledons. This will be talked about later. The second part of the seed has the most volume. This is the storage tissue. The storage tissue is like a starter pack. Since the plant does not have leaves yet, it can not photosynthesize (the way mature plants obtain energy). The storage tissue provides temporary energy with proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. This is used along with oxygen to provide energy for the seed to emerge out of the soil to begin photosynthesis. The third section of the seed is the seed coat. As the name suggests, this is the outer layer of the seed. The texture of the seed covering can vary depending on the species. It can range from being wrinkled to winged. Most seeds are thickened, brownish, hard and mostly impermeable. This makeup is designed for protection from water (because excess water can drown the seed) and parasites. The seed coat also allows dormancy, so if it is in desert or tundra, then the seed can survive longer until the right conditions are set. Seeds can be able to germinate from a mere 20 days to a colossal 2,000 years. Germination Requirements Now that we know how our seed works, what are the conditions for seeds to germinate? There are four essential factors a seed needs to germinate effectively. The first one is water. Water must be present in the soil for the seed to maintain its health. The water also causes the seed to swell up. This is called imbibition. Imbibition makes the dry seed absorb the water. The cells inside the seed enlarge as water is now present in their system. The cells expand until the seed ruptures, causing the radicle (embryonic root) to emerge. Following water, oxygen is important as well. The seed uses oxygen to commence cellular respiration and to create energy. This is the process of using oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, energy. If the seed is buried too deep within the soil, then the seed will die from lack of oxygen or stay dormant in the soil, never to germinate. The third and fourth factor are not necessary, but instead will improve on its growth. The third factor is warmth. When a seed picks up warmth, it breaks out of its dormant stage and can begin germination if there is oxygen or water present. The fourth factor is light. Seeds rarely germinate in the dark. Light is used for photosynthesis and it is their main energy source. Seeds can detect light from the soil and will grow towards it. They germinate knowing that they can gain a light source. However, if the seed is planted too deep, the energy required to reach the surface is not enough for the seed.. Therefore, once the energy from the storage tissue runs out, it will die from being unable to photosynthesise with the sun. Seed Germination Process Our seed has warm temperature, light, water and oxygen. It is ready to germinate. The water swells up the seed. The radicle slowly emerges from the seed. The radicle plants itself into the soil, absorbs water, and holds the plant in place. Later, the hypocotyl emerges from the seed. The seed almost seems like it’s lifting through the soil. The epicotyl is the first one to rise to the surface. It carries a seed coat hat. When the seed coat comes off, we see a green pad or another pad with it. These green pads are called cotyledons. These act like miniature leaves in the sense that they can photosynthesize. Cotyledons are in the embryo from the beginning. Their job is to produce energy from the sun, so it has enough to produce a true leaf. Species of plants can be classified by how many cotyledons they have when sprouting. A monocotyledonous (or monocot) plant means it has one cotyledon. A dicotyledonous (or dicot) plant means it has two cotyledons in its embryo. When the cotyledon(s) complete their purpose, the true leaves take over and photosynthesize. Our seed has overcome the hurdle of germination, and is now growing its first true leaves. A few days later it is now a fully functional plant. The whole process from finding the right environment, to the cotyledons has finished here. The plant grows and later gives seeds of its own. These seeds go off to faraway lands, and those seeds are ready to germinate. References: BBC Standard Grade Bitesize Biology Growing Plants : Revision, Page 2. BBC News. BBC, 2014. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Kumar, Sirinibas. Process of Seed Germination: 5 Steps (With Diagram). Biology Discussion. N.p., 26 Oct. 2015. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Bareja, Ben G. Parts of a Seed and Their Functions. CropsReview. N.p., Nov. 2011. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Cotyledon. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Process Of Seed Germination | Germination Process Step By Step. Biology. Byjus Classes, 17 Sept. 2016. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Bot, Am J. Role of Warm Stratification in Promoting Germination of Seeds of Empetrum Hermaphroditum (Empetraceae), a Circumboreal Species with a Stony Endocarp.American Journal of Botany. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Parts Of A Seed (Word Search). My Jhs Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2017. Cotyledon. Cotyledon Stock Photos, Royalty-Free Images Vectors Shutterstock. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.

Catcher In The Eyes And Rebel Without A Essays - Literary Realism

Catcher In The Eyes And Rebel Without A Cause The Catcher In The Rye, and Rebel Without A Cause were two very distinct stories, with the same meaning. In this, they have many differences, yet also many similarities. Jimmie in the Rebel Without a Cause had a family that was trying to be a part of his life, while Holden, from The Catcher In The Rye, had a family that shipped him off to different schools whenever he messed up, and were never really there for him. They both felt their families did not understand them. Holden and Jimmie had very different environments, yet some what alike backgrounds. In The Rebel Without a Cause, Jimmie had moved from town to town with his family, because of problems he had. His family thought they could run away from the reality that he needed help. They tried to stick by him when he was in trouble, but he usually pushed away from them. Unlike Holden's family, who felt that pushing him farther away would be better for him and themselves. Holden needed his family, the farther away he was, the more phoney he thought them to be. Holden got kicked out of every high school he went to, yet they still continued to ship him off over and over. His parents were never there for him, unlike Jimmies, who were smothering him. Although Jimmies family offered him the love and support he needed, Jimmie continued to screw up and just get angrier. Jimmie saw what was going on in his household, and he did not like it. The father never stood up for himself, and Jimmie knew that they did not understand him. As for Holden, he was never around for the parents to get the chance to know him. A clear example of this, is when Holden's mother sends him a pair of ice skates he really wanted. Holden notices that they are the wrong kind, he told his mother specifically which kind he wanted, yet she still got him the wrong kind. From that, he knew that his parents didn't understand him. Holden had a background of flunking school, and not caring about things. One of the people he cared about most in his life had died, and Holden still was not over that. He didn't want to get disappointed again and go through that. Jimmie also got in trouble a lot, not by flunking school, but he got in trouble by hurting other people. Both of them just didn't want to care. Their environments were different therefore they had different reasons for turning out the way they did. In conclusion, they have many differences, yet also many similarities. Jimmie had a family that was trying to be a part of his life, while Holden had a family that shipped him off to different schools whenever he messed up. They were never really there for him. They both felt their families did not understand them. Holden and Jimmie had very different environments, yet some what alike backgrounds.

Education in Iceland

Education in Iceland Introduction Traditionally, education was viewed as a need that was optional and could be substituted to meet other life’s important basics. Today, provision of education has become a government’s social responsibility in a majority of the countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Iceland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the challenge remains on the provision of inclusive education and schooling, and how best to tailor the country’s educational system to produce citizens who can effectively meet the society’s desired qualities. The needs of the society have been continuously transformed by globalization and as such, countries and societies have had to constantly undertake reforms in their educational systems. Background Information on Education in Iceland In Iceland, the provision of compulsory education is the responsibility of the government. According to the refor ms made by the government in 2008 on compulsory education, it is the responsibility of the local municipalities to provide education to all the children in the pre-primary and compulsory school level (European Commission. 2009). Compulsory education is applicable to all children between the ages six and sixteen. The state is charged with the responsibility of providing upper secondary and higher education (European Commission. 2009). The law requires that pupils attending compulsory education to do so on a full time basis and. In addition, the state has also defined the roles of the parent as that of ensuring that children register for school (European Commission, 2009). It is also the parent’s role to ensure that children attend school. The local municipalities ensure that pupils are given instructions recommended by the law while the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture supervises the implementation process. According to the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (2010), the educational structure of schools in Iceland comprise of the pre-primary level, the compulsory level, the upper secondary level and finally, the higher education. The compulsory level comprise of the single structure-primary and the lower secondary. Pre-primary education is available for children between the ages of 3 and 5, after which they progress to primary schools at the age six and later on enter lower secondary schools at age 11. Students enter upper secondary schools at age 14 after completing their tenth grade and graduate from the upper secondary in the thirteenth grade at age 16 or 17 (UNESCO, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All the state and municipality levels, schools are expected to follow the national curriculum provided by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. At the pre-primary level, the teachers in the schools are given the res ponsibility of determining the school’s curriculum. According to the European Commission, (2009), the subjects covered at the compulsory level of education include Mathematics, natural sciences, English, social sciences (including History and Geography), art and craft, Physical Education, religious studies, as well as equal rights affairs. The pupils at this level of education are also taught Icelandic as a second language. The curriculum also includes information and communication technology, life skills as well as other foreign languages like Danish, Spanish, or French. At the upper secondary level, the students are taught Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, and Biology, information technology, Economics, History, arts and craft, psychology, environmental systems as well as other languages. Teaching of the Icelandic curriculum is done using the country’s native language, Icelandic (European Commission, 2009). The curriculum also provides for extra-curricular and social activities which are incorporated in the daily school activities. Teachers have the autonomy to decide on the teaching methods and materials appropriate for achieving the objectives in each situation. However, instructions for each subject are clearly defined in the curriculum and those that require exposure of learners to their immediate environment normally takes place in the form of field trips. The curriculum requires that assessment be done regularly so as to monitor the learners’ progress. There is no examination at the end of the compulsory curriculum in grade ten, however, the principal of the compulsory school awards the learner with a certificate of completion (European Commission, 2009). However, at the upper secondary and tertiary levels of education, the subjects are divided into modules and students are assessed at the end of every semester and are graded according to the unit-credit system. Theories of learning supporting Education in Iceland This approach is d erived from the Humanistic theories of learning which emphasize on the natural desire by learners to always gain more knowledge and the need to allow learners to control their learning process as the teachers are reduced to facilitators of the learning process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Iceland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Constructivism Theory One such humanistic theory is the constructivism theory which argues that human beings develop knowledge and meaning through the interaction of their ideas and experiences. Thus, learners would normally build knowledge upon that that they have already acquired. It also implies learning from experience is very important and therefore it is essential to apply teaching and learning process that incorporates learning through experience. According to Wertsch, (1997), the learner takes an active role in the learning process. This theory recognizes that each l earner is unique and has complex needs and therefore it is important that teachers understand the entry behavior of each learner and the learner’s unique learning ability. According to Wertsch, (1997), the learners background and culture help shape the knowledge and facts that the learner discovers and acquires during the learning process. The teacher has to consider all these when planning any learning content to be delivered to the learners. Social constructivism theory According to the social constructivism theory, learners learn best through experience and therefore discovery approach should be aimed at providing experience that would enable learners construct knowledge and make sense of the concepts being learnt (Pajares and Schunk, 2001). It also states that learners can conceptualize any information no matter the level or the age of the learner provided that the knowledge is reinforced. Thus a learner centered approach should prepare learners with the specific capaciti es that are necessary for the learner to interact with and in the world that may not be acquired in any other social settings (Pajares and Schunk, 2001). This theory suggests that teachers should take into consideration learner’s interest. It is also important for teachers to provide an environment and learning opportunities that enable learners to articulate the knowledge. Repeated experience on the concepts being learnt will enable learners to internalize and apply the concepts in a more sophisticated constructs (Gardner, 2005 and; Pajares and Schunk, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These experiences provided in terms of experiments should not be provided in the school setting alone but should include the wider society so as to integrate societal experience and school experience (Gardner, 2005). This theory also suggests that there should be no limits to learning and therefore learners should always be encouraged to gain more knowledge. Purpose and Scope of the Study The main purpose of the study is to investigate the education system in Iceland. It seeks to find out what the government and the Icelandic society as a whole is doing in order to achieve an inclusive education and schooling for its multicultural society. The aim of the study is to acquire best practices employed in the Icelandic educational systems and to analyse the deficiencies that exist in the education system that needs to be improved. The objective of the study is to enable the education providers achieve highest quality of professional development for their learners especially at the primar y and secondary levels of education. This study was done so as to provide future education reformers with base line or reference for carrying out reforms. The scope of this study covers the Icelandic curriculum and pedagogical strategies applied in imparting the society’s desired knowledge, skills, values and morals. It discusses the assessment strategies applied to gauge the level of learning in the learners. The study also looks into the role played by the school environment including collaboration with the school parents in shaping the behaviuor of the learners and the learning outcomes. The study also covers the role played by the school culture in the learning process as well as the roles played by the school curriculum and school community in shaping the leadership and organization of the individuals. Methodology The study critically examined incidences in educational systems and practices so as to discover factors that help teachers and the general school community pro vide quality and an all inclusive education and schooling. This was done in order to determine the activities and practices which best foster successful learning in Iceland Schools. The research methodology that was used to collect information was a one-to-one interview. Selecting the school of study involved an underground research through the internet. The selection of the school was based on how modern, the school environment and the school’s mission statement. Finally I decided on Nordlingaskoli , a new school in Reykjavishire. The principal of Nordllingaskoli was contacted to request for a meeting with him which he confirmed and thereafter an appointment was booked. A questionnaire was designed to cover all the areas of study. The questionnaire prepared consisted of open-ended questions only; to help gather more information and the attitude of the principle towards the education system. The School’s Background Information Nordlingaskoli is a new school located in the rural Reykjavishire in RVS District. It has a small student population of about 200 students but this is anticipated to increase before the end of the year. The school uses the national curriculum guidelines in planning its school activities. However, the school’s educational system is unique since it applies a mixed-age group in its teaching and learning programmes. Besides, the system focuses more on provision of art and craft and environmental studies. The school has a very unique system of education which applies mixed-age group learning. The principal’s name is Sif Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir. Findings Curriculum, pedagogy and assessment Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir explained that the school uses the national curriculum guide to plan and carry out its school activities although the planning of the school activities is also based on the aspirations and objectives of the school. Besides, teachers joining the school have to pass an orientation system and be fully info rmed on the objectives of the school and how the school is meeting the learners’ unique needs. The principal also explained that the assessment of learners takes different forms. Learners can be assessed in their learning groups or individually. The assessment includes both formal and informal evaluation done by the individual teachers. The school has various electives available for the learners. Although it focuses more on art and environment studies, there are also other practical and interesting programmes like home economics, music, drama, information technology among others. The school provides many elective subjects to give the students wide options to choose from and to offer flexibility to learners as well as to give the teachers the time to offer individual tutorials to learners. The school also has plans to increase the number of teachers, introduce more programmes and expand its facilities in order to meet the speculated increase in demand for its services. The sch ools programme of differentiation has been successful according to the school principal. Students are allowed and helped to choose the groups they prefer to join according to their learning abilities and their learning aspirations. Differentiation and mixed-age groupings enables pupils learn from each other particularly from the older members and therefore pupils are better enabled to grasp knowledge and thus they are better enabled to achieve their learning outcomes. Besides, the teachers can easily provide for the needs of the groups rather than for an individual. Differentiation enables teachers to plan for every individual and at the same time makes school activities to be flexible. Differentiation and mixed-age groups enable learners achieve maximum results and inner motivation to acquire more knowledge and skills. The learner identifies the area of interest and both the teacher and parent help the learner choose his or her area of interest. The teacher discusses the ability of the learner with the parent in order to help the learner choose the area of interest that best suits his or her abilities and meets is or her needs. The school is very much prepared to meet the needs of learners who join the school while they are still very young. The instruction materials are tailored to motivate them and help them concentrate in learning activities. The instruction contents given to them do not cover wider learning content and also involved more activities that develop their motor skills like play and other outdoor activities. According to the principal, school systems with shorter working periods are not able to complete their programmes or even adequately provide for the individual needs of their learners. This means that in most cases learners have to endure with daily classroom activities which may be boring if done continuously. Besides, the teachers do not get the time to expose learners to the realities in their environment and thus the learners may not be able to apply or connect the knowledge and skills learnt in class to the real world. According to the principal, the students are easily assimilated in other learning systems particularly in the upper secondary schools since most of their learning is practical. The workshops which the school organizes for the learners impart practical skills which are very much related to the vocational training offered in the upper secondary schools or even in job applications. The practical skills offered to the learners make them more competent and better equipped to solve problems that occur in real life situations. The outdoor activities and the mixed-age groups in the school enable learners develop life skills and social skills which are very important in socializing within the society. Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir explained that the school operates in accordance with the guidelines provided by the national curriculum which require that learners should be automatically promoted to the next class . Therefore the age and the year of entry determine the promotion to the next level. Surroundings and material The outdoor activities carried out as part of school activities are normally under the close supervision of the teacher who provides guidance on the activities. Besides, students are normally in their groups hence easier to manage since members of a group are responsible for each individual in the group. Students’ health is the responsibility of both the teacher and the parents. Since the goals of the school are shared by the parents and they understand what the school plans to achieve, they understand that their children need to keep their children warm always. This helps the school protect the lives of the learners from the weather conditions that might affect the learners’ lives. Besides, the learners also have free health care provided by the government. Enhancing the students’ concentration while in class is very important in the school, therefore the teachers ensure that the instructional materials provided are interesting and that the learning content and the instructional materials have been decided upon by the learners and the teacher. These enhance the learners’ concentration and also motivate the learners. Conflict resolution is a very important aspect of education in a multicultural education today. According to Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir, the school is committed to promoting learners’ appreciation of diversity and how to overcome prejudice. According to Wendy (1994), it is also important to teach the learners how to manager their anger and be tolerant to each other. This enables learners control their emotions (Banks and Banks, 2005). The guidance and counseling department takes the lead in helping the learners understand the need to exist in unity in diversity. According to the principal, the school understands that wherever the learners come from, there is normally prejudice instilled into them by their respective societies; therefore it is very important to teach learners to avoid acting on their prejudice that they come with from their respective communities. The school organises bonding workshops at the beginning of each academic year in autumn in what the school considers to be the biggest workshop in the school called the â€Å"The Homestead†. Since the school exists in an environment with trees it is not difficult acquiring the materials for the wood work lessons. Again, since the school is a public one, these materials are provided for by the government (European Commission, 2009). According the principal, some materials are also bought by the school and at the same time, learners are given the chance to go for field trips to observe what happens in woodwork workshops or tree forests. According to Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir, the school organises and sponsor many local and international community outreach programmes such as Habit for Humans. Learners collaborate with t he school community activities such as cleaning the environment, garbage collections and sorting, tree planting and many others. Languages of the school The official languages that the learners are supposed to use while in school are English and Icelandic. However, learners are also encouraged to keep their native languages since the school believes that one can better learn a second language through his or her mother tongue. According to Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir, the school does not find it difficult dealing with the diversity of languages since the teaching staff also comprises of diverse languages. The staff operates as a team, shares and cooperatively solves problems that they meet while dealing with the learners. School culture: Communication, collaboration and atmosphere The uniqueness of the school system is not at all a barrier to the learners’ interaction with the outside world. According to the principle, the school is involved in many programmes which ensure that they are not cut out of the outside world. They are involved in music, drama and sports activities such as basketball, football, volleyball and baseball, and tennis, dance, cheerleading, and swimming among many others. These activities are distributed across the three seasons of autumn, winter and spring which find the learners in school. The sports activities give the learners a chance to compete and interact with other schools and the outside community. Besides, the learners are also given the opportunity to participate in inter-school academic activities, science congress and other students’ forums. The school has computer laboratory connected to the internet. This gives the learners the opportunity to connect to the outside world and to even invite community resource persons of their own choice. The school also invites experts, professionals, artists and other community resources persons to come share with the learners. The school appreciates the uniqueness of the other n eighbouring schools and organises collaborative activities with the neighbouring schools to gain from the different learning experiences that the other learners are exposed to. The school also organises collaborative activities with the neighbouring schools to enable its learners better develop their social skills and to increase their network of friends. The school is aware of the diversity of cultural backgrounds among the teachers, learners and teachers. According to Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir, the teachers have in mind the school’s code of conduct and code of ethics. The code of conduct provides them with a guideline on how they are supposed to carry out their duties and how they are supposed to interact. It also provides a guideline on how they are supposed to enhance teamwork in the various groups that exist in the staff which include academic departments and other activities; as well as in the staff as a whole. Besides, the leadership structures within the school admini stration enable the teachers work harmoniously as a team. They also use the internet to share the learning contents, learning materials and other resources which enhance teaching and learning. The environment created by the diversity in teachers, learners and parents is stimulating and provides the learners with a rich experience and exposure. The diversity that exists in the school community gives the school an international image and in turn an international exposure and international understanding of other people’s culture. The diversity in the school community especially the involvement of parents in the learning activities of school enriches the learners’ learning content. Since its inception, the school has applied teaching strategies that involve differentiation and co-operative learning which have ensured that each student’s work and learning corresponds to his or her needs. Nordlingaskoli believes in the uniqueness of its learners and provides the best environment for optimum achievement of learners’ objectives. The school offers tailor-made conditions that meet individual learners’ needs. The school is also on course to developing a new reference table which would better enable the school to apply its differentiation programmes to the speculated large numbers of learners in the near future. The programme is being developed in collaboration with the municipal as well as the national education authorities. This would ensure that the programme meets the national education standards in provision of learners’ areas of interest such as art and craft, environmental studies and many more. According to Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir, this would enhance flexibility in meeting the needs of the learners. Besides, the diversity in the staff would enable individual learners’ attendance. The principal also noted that the school plans to recruit even more diverse teachers to meet the needs of the expected increase in cultu re. According to Ragnarsdà ³ttir, (2010), it is important to develop a common organizational culture which respects every idea from other cultures. More teachers from different cultures will enable provision of more languages taught in the school and hence help teachers provide for individual tutorial programmes to the learners (Bennett, 1999). Collaboration with homes/families and communities Although fully engaging parents has been a bit challenging since much of their time is consumed by their work, most parents have occasionally turned up whenever called upon. The parents are very much committed to their children’s development. The first day of the learner’s attendance at school takes place at home and two teachers, male and female visit the learner and the parent(s). According to the principal of the school, the parents are involved in setting the objectives of the outcomes of their children, assessing the progress of their children, providing resources, counseli ng their children and evaluating the performance of the school. All the teachers and the administration have access to the parents’ email addresses which are available in each learner’s file and the school’s database. This makes communication with the parents to be easier in case of problems or any issue that requires the parent’s involvement. The surrounding community has also been involved in the various school activities. The surrounding school community provides security to the learners and the school as a whole. They also protect the surrounding environment which includes the local river and the nearby forest which are used by the teachers to provide the needed experience during outdoor activities. The school also collaborates with surrounding community in community outreach programmes such as tree planting and other environment conservation measures. The principal explained that modeling the school culture and environment to fit in the community inv olves creating a common organizational culture that understands the needs and applies the ideas of the community. The teaching materials and learning contents have been tailored to utilize the resources from the local community. Most outdoor activities take place in the local community environment and the experiences which learners are exposed to are derived from the local community. Leadership and organization The principal explains that the school has various outbound activities, workshops, outdoor activities and mixed-age groups which enrich the development of leadership skills and also provide opportunities for learners to practise their leadership skills. The students therefore behave responsibly and are responsible for their friends. There are student leaders in various respective levels of leadership including group leaders, class leaders and other capacities. The students are given guidance and counseling on leadership and management skills by the guidance and counseling dep artment to enable them carry out their responsibilities and duties effectively and efficiently. The student leaders are also given the opportunity to attend leadership workshops and forums with students from other schools. Besides, the school administration recognises and awards students who have demonstrated strong leadership skills in the school community. According to the principal teachers undergo an orientation process to inform them of the mission and, the objectives, the shared aspirations and goals of the school, the parents and learners and the school programmes in order to enable them adapt to the school system. This is done by the school principle, the respective department and all the teachers. The school has room teachers who are responsible for all the activities and needs of each mixed-age groups. The learners’ workshops are organized through a coordination of the respective subject teacher, the class teacher, the room teachers, the department involved and the school administration headed by the principal. Learners are also involved in deciding the learning activities of the workshops. These workshops are part of mainstream learning activities and therefore do not involve other schools. According to the principal, the teaching and learning structure of the school is unique since it involves the mixed-age groups and therefore can not be integrated with the teaching in the neighbouring schools. School development and school policy According to the school’s principal, the school is more concerned with providing education that meets individual learner’s needs and aspirations. Therefore it is in the process of completing the reference time table to enhance differentiation. According to the principal, the school is also developing a software that would enable it disseminate information to learners. The software would enable the school link its website to the National Library Consortium which is owned by the state. The school also encourages and supports teachers’ innovative programmes for developing better teaching strategies and instructional contents and materials. The school policy, according to Và ­gà ¾Ãƒ ³rsdà ³ttir, is to ensure that each learner is exposed to learning experiences which best meets his or her objectives and aspirations so as to enable the learner complete his or her education as a happy, independent and strong individual. To ensure that this is achieved, the teachers evaluate the outcome of the learners and the feedback from both the parents and the learners. The teacher and the learner sign a study contract and both set the objectives for the outcome of the study contract. They decide the learning content and the instructional materials. At the end of the programme, the teacher and learner evaluate achievement of the objectives. Evaluation of learners involves the teachers and the parents and discusses the progress of each student. Theories of Learning Explaining the Educatio n System at Nordlingaskoli The school uses the cognitive theories of learning and in particular, the social cognitive learning theory as well as the multiple intelligence theory of learning. Multiple intelligence theory of learning argues that learners should be allowed to exploit their strengths. It states that each learner has multiple intelligence levels therefore the learner should be exposed to various learning experiences in order to help the learner develop all the learning forms (Gardner, 2005). Learners are always curious to acquire knowledge by themselves and therefore should be given the opportunity to do so. What the government is doing According to the European Commission, (2009), the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture provides the national curriculum guidelines for all schools. The curriculum provides pedagogical guidelines, instructional organisations and policies to be applied in schools. It also stipulates the guidelines for the organisation of school activi ties as well as the objectives for the respective levels of education. The ministry also develops and distributes instructional materials to compulsory schools for free through its National Centre for Educational Materials and is coordinated by the District School Boards. The District School Boards are also responsible for monitoring the implementation of schooling as well as instruction in the respective municipalities. They also monitor the school curriculum structure and make recommendations to the local government or the principal of the school on improvements that could be made to improve the school’s operations (European Commission. 2009). The government also recognises that the country’s demography is diverse and therefore has included many foreign languages in the curriculum as well as employs teachers from diverse backgrounds. According to Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (2004), the government has increased the parents’ participation by trans ferring the management to the municipals. The national curriculum guidelines require that the schools should enable learners acquire Christian and charity values as well as tolerance to each culture and towards each other. It requires that the education offered should enable learners who are Icelanders acquire cultural consciousness and to respect other nations cultures. Recommendations Given that the parents are given the opportunity to participate forums for discussing their children’s schooling, it is important that those heading each parents association to consider ways in which their objectives could better help each school achieve its objectives. It is also important for schools to help learners develop a common organizational culture that respects all cultures. Finally, the curriculum gives the learners more authority to control their learning process. Teachers and parents should be enabled to have more control over the learning process particularly for the younger age s in the primary level of education. Summary The study discusses the Icelandic education system and in particular the compulsory education. Provision of compulsory education is the responsibility of municipalities while upper secondary and higher education is provided by the state. The municipality monitors the progress of the education system in accordance with the national education guidelines. However, the challenge for provision of education to the Icelandic community is providing an education system which meets the needs of the multicultural society. The study discusses the measures that have been taken by Nordlingaskoli to ensure provision of education that meets the needs of all learners including their objectives and aspirations while at the same time respecting and shaping their cultural backgrounds. The study discusses theories of learning that form the basis of the Icelandic curriculum which are cognitive and social cognitive theories of learning as well as multiple intel ligence theory of learning. The major characteristic of the school is that it uses mixed-age groups in providing learning experiences for learners. Conclusion Education in Iceland has succeeded in providing multicultural education to its citizens. This programme should be recommended for many nations in Europe and other parts of the world still struggling to provide multicultural education to their citizens. However, in adopting this system the particular nation should consider its population. Reference List Banks, J.A., Banks, C. A. M. (2005). Multicultural education: Issues perspectives. New York: John Wiley Sons. Bennett, C. I. (1999). Comprehensive multicultural education. Theory and practice Boston o.fl.: Allyn and Bacon. Gardner, H. (2005). Multiple lenses on the mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. European Commission. (2009). Organisation of the education system in Iceland 2008/09. Armsterdam: EU. Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. (2010). The Educational system in Iceland Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. (2004). The national curriculum guide for compulsory school. Pajares, F., Schunk, D. H. (2001). Self-beliefs and school success: Self-efficacy, self-concept, and school achievement. In R. Riding S. Rayner (Eds.), Self- perception. London: Ablex Publishing. Ragnarsdà ³ttir, H. (2010). Internationally educated teachers and student teachers in Iceland: Two qualitative studies. Helsinki: CJEAP. UNESCO (2008). Inclusive education and schooling in Iceland. Helsinki: International Bureau of Education. Wendy, S. (1994). Anti-bias and conflict resolution curricula: Theory and practice. New York: ERIC Clearinghouse. Wertsch, J.V. (1997). Vygotsky and the formation of the mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sex as Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sex as Crime - Essay Example Similarly, sex as crime becomes highly obvious in a critical analysis of rape which is another type of sexual assault against females and it is more regular a practice in the modern society. Therefore, a reflective analysis of rape and domestic violence in relation to sex as crime assumes several themes and values such as humanist, minimalist, tolerant, responsible, and pro-feminist. Such an analysis also includes an investigation of the advantages and disadvantages of legislation and government control in the areas of rape and sexual violence. Significantly, "it remains the case that 'sex crime' (defined in its broadest sense to include issues such as soliciting, violence against sex workers, rape in war, internet grooming) is often considered to be less important, both legally and academically, than issues such as policing, community safety, white-collar crime and imprisonment. It is also fair to say that, given the current backlash against feminism, these issues are further margi nalised. Critical study in this area challenges both the workings of the criminal justice system and definitions of 'traditional' criminology." (Letherby, 5) Therefore, a pro-feminist and gender-sensitive approach to these issues highlights the problems with the stereotypical definitions of genderless 'sex crime'. A reflective analysis of rape and domestic violence in the contemporary world emphasises that the concept of 'sex as crime' is an essential one which covers several areas of criminal justice system and social issues. The concept of 'sex as crime' and rape and domestic violence The concept of 'sex as crime' in relation to rape and domestic violence assumes prominent role in the criminal justice system as well as policy matter. Significantly, rape and domestic violence against women became one of the most crucial policy priorities in the UK by the year 2000 as a result of the tree-decades long feminist campaigning. Contemporary investigations and researches reveal that the issues of rape and domestic violence have increased tremendously and there is poor handling of these issues in the criminal justice system. In fact, there is no other crime than rape which is handled more defectively by the criminal justice system and it is also under-reported crime. Whereas the vast majority of rape victims do not report the sexual attacks on them, it is also significant that the prosecution rate of rape cases is also much lower than other serious crimes. In fact, rape is a special type of sex crime where the case of the victim is much more serious than what is commonly p erceived. "As a crime, rape is in a class by itself; in the experience of the crime, in people's response to the victim and in the law enforcement skills needed to investigate and prosecute the crime Unlike victims of any other crime, rape victims are often subject to concerted ostracizing, disbelief, and blame. Hostilities against the victim quickly gather steam. These hostilities are frequently bolstered by powerful (male dominated) institutions such as schools, churches, businesses, families, and authorities." (Sex Crimes: Police Response and Investigation) Therefore, the issue of